How does LoRa technology work?

How does LoRa technology work?

NOTE: some material OF THIS ARTICLE WAS quoted from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoRa

LoRa Alliance – Homepage

LoRa (from “Long Range”, sometimes abbreviated as “LR”) is a physical proprietary radio communication technique. It is based on spread spectrum modulation techniques derived from chirp spread spectrum (CSS) technology.It was developed by Cycleo, a company of Grenoble, France, and patented in 2014. In March 2012, Cycleo was acquired by the US company Semtech.

LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) defines the communication protocol and system architecture. LoRaWAN is an official standard of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), ITU-T Y.4480. The continued development of the LoRaWAN protocol is managed by the open, non-profit LoRa Alliance, of which Semtech is a founding member.

Together, LoRa and LoRaWAN define a low-power, wide-area (LPWA) networking protocol designed to wirelessly connect battery operated devices to the Internet in regional, national or global networks, and targets key Internet of things (IoT) requirements, such as bi-directional communication, end-to-end security, mobility and localization services. The low power, low bit rate, and IoT use distinguish this type of network from a wireless WAN that is designed to connect users or businesses, and carry more data, using more power. The LoRaWAN data rate ranges from 0.3 kbit/s to 50 kbit/s per channel.

Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS)

This is the physical layer modulation technique used by LoRa radio. CSS works by taking a sinusoidal signal and changing its frequency linearly over time, creating a chirp signal. This signal is then modulated onto a carrier frequency.

Chirp spread spectrum has been used in military and space communication for decades, but LoRa is the first low-cost implementation for commercial usage. Communication between end-devices and gateways is spread out on different frequency channels and data rates. The selection of the data rate is a trade-off between communication range and message duration. Due to the spread spectrum technology, communications with different data rates do not interfere with each other and create a set of “virtual” channels increasing the capacity of the gateway. LoRaWAN data rates range from 0.3 kbps to 50 kbps.

By chirping the signal over a wider bandwidth, LoRa spreads the energy over a larger frequency range. This increases resistance to interference and noise, while improving the signal reception at the gateway.

Adaptive Data Rate (ADR)

Adaptive Data Rate
Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) is a mechanism for optimizing data rates, airtime and energy consumption in the network. This reference documents how ADR is implemented in The Things Stack.

How ADR Works
The ADR mechanism controls the following transmission parameters of an end device:

Spreading factor
Bandwidth
Transmission power

This optimization ensures the best data rates under changing channel conditions, maximizing both battery life of nodes and overall network capacity.

Together CSS and ADR give LoRa its impressive range and resilience while using minimal power. The signals appear noise-like to other systems, enhancing security.

Key features and benefits of LoRa technology

Let’s take a deeper look at some of the standout benefits of LoRa radio technology:

• Long-range connectivity– Enabling ranges of 15+ km in rural settings and 5+ km in urban areas. Permits city-scale coverage, and good penetration of buildings is achieved.
• Low power– Between 10 mA and 100 nA in sleep mode. Depending on the application, the battery life is 2 to 15 years. Dramatically reduces maintenance costs.
• Secure transmissions– AES-128 bit encryption secures data and prevents tampering.
• Accurate geolocation– Signals can pinpoint location to within tens of meters without GPS. Helpful for asset tracking.
• Global spectrum bands – 868 MHz (863–870 MHz, divided into several subbands) in Europe and 915 MHz in the USA. The channel usage period is limited by regulations in many countries (duty cycle).
• Bidirectional communication– Send data up and push configuration down. LoRa communication devices nable remote control.
• High capacity– A single LoRa gateway can handle millions of messages daily from thousands of devices.
• Open standard– LoRaWAN is an open spec overseen by the non-profit LoRa Alliance. Drives adoption and interoperability.

The LoRa-Alliance, a nonprofit group and creators of LoRaWAN, is a collaboration of members from around the world tasked to share knowledge and experiences in order to guarantee interoperability between LoRa network operators in one open global standard. While LoRaWAN defines the communication protocol and system architecture for the network, the LoRa architecture enables the long-range communication link. These two elements combine to help determine the battery lifetime of a node, the network capacity, the quality of service, the security and other applications served by the network.

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