If LoRa technology a safe choose

LoRa technology basics Knowledge

There are several key elements of LoRa technology. Some of its key features include the following:

• Up to Millions of nodes
• Long battery life; in spare of ten years
• Long range; 15-20 km.

There are various elements of LoRa technology that provide overall connectivity and functionality.

LoRa protocol stack: LoRa Alliance has also defined an open protocol stack. The creation of this open-source stack has allowed the concept of LoRa to raise because all the different types of companies involved in LoRa development, deployment, and use have been able to come together to create a low-cost and easy-to-use solution for connectivity to all manners of connected IoT devices.

LoRa network design: Besides the RF elements of the LoRa wireless system, there are some other elements of the network architecture, including the presence of overall system architecture, Server, backhaul, and application computers. The overall architecture is often mentioned as LoRaWAN.

LoRa PHY / RF interface: The LoRa physical layer or PHY is key to the operation of the system. It governs the aspects of the RF signal that is transmitted between the nodes or endpoints, i.e. LoRa gateway and the sensors are where signals are received. The physical layer or radio interface governs aspects of the signal including the modulation format, power levels, frequencies, signaling between the transmitting and receiving elements, and other related topics.

LoRa Modulation

LoRa Technology is the wireless modulation or physical (PHY) silicon layer. It is used to create the long-range communication link.

LoRa physical layer uses a form of spread spectrum modulation. The LoRa modulation system uses wide-band linear frequency-controlled pulses. The level of frequency increase or decrease over time is used to encode the data to be transmitted, such as; a form of chirp modulation.

This type of modulation enables LoRa wireless systems to demodulate signals that are 20dB below the noise floor when the demodulation is combined with forwarding error correction, FEC. When compared to a traditional FSK system; the link budget for a LoRa system can deliver an improvement of more than 25dB.

As a result of the point, the transmission is spread in a pseudo-random fashion, it may be difficult for non-LoRa users to detect and appears like noise. This can support the security of the system.

A further advantage of the system is that the chirp modulation and the system, in general, are tolerant of frequency offsets and as a result, it is possible to use a basic crystal oscillator with a 20-30 ppm acceptance rather than a temperature-paying oscillator, TCXO. This can provide some good cost savings within the node electronic circuitry.

LoRaWAN Classes

Class A
Class A is an asynchronous system that allows end nodes to broadcast messages to the gateway whenever they need to and go inactive until the next transmission. This class allows for the efficient use of time slots in a multi-channel system.

Class B
A method of transmitting messages to battery-powered nodes. The gateway sends out a beacon every 128 seconds, which allows all LoRaWAN base stations to synchronize their time using GPS satellite signals.

Class C
Allows nodes to continuously listen and send downlink messages at any time. This class is typically used for AC-powered applications as it requires a significant amount of energy to keep the node fully active and the receiver operating at all times.

LoRa Network Security

The issue of network security is becoming gradually important. As such LoRa networks require high levels of security to prevent the trouble of any systems.

To attain the required levels of security for LoRa networks, several layers of encryption have been used:

• Device specific key (EUI128).
• The Unique Network key (EUI64) guarantees security on the network level.
• Unique Application key (EUI64) certify end to end security.
• Using these layers of encryption ensures that the LoRa network remains suitably secure.

Please refer to LoRa Alliance® website to get the full explanation, click to view LoRaWAN® Is Secure

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